摘要 :
Constructions marking information structure in French have been widely documented within the constructionist framework. C'est 'it is' clefts have been demonstrated to express the focus of the sentence. Nevertheless, it remains unc...
展开
Constructions marking information structure in French have been widely documented within the constructionist framework. C'est 'it is' clefts have been demonstrated to express the focus of the sentence. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how children are able to acquire clefts, and how they develop information structure categories. The aim of this study is to investigate the acquisition of clefts in French through the usage-based framework, to understand (i) whether IS categories emerge gradually like other linguistic categories, and (ii) how children build IS categories. For this, I analysed 256 c'est-clefts produced by three children between age 2 and 3. I show that most early clefts are produced by children with the chunk c'est moi associated with the concrete function of requesting to perform an action themselves. This chunk then becomes a frame with slot, extending the function to other human referents and discourse participants with the function of requesting adults to perform an action. Another large portion of early clefts seems to belong to a frame with slot c'est X whose function is to identify the agent who carried out an action. These findings suggest that the information structure category of focus emerges gradually.
收起
摘要 :
The present study uses event-related potentials to investigate the role of prediction in the processing of information structure, a domain of language that belongs to the level of the discourse. Twenty-three native speakers of Eng...
展开
The present study uses event-related potentials to investigate the role of prediction in the processing of information structure, a domain of language that belongs to the level of the discourse. Twenty-three native speakers of English read short contexts including three Noun Phrases (NPs) (e.g., Either an adviser or an agent can be helpful to a banker), followed by a wh-question that established the discourse role of each referent (In your opinion, which of the two should a banker hire?). The NP that the question was about (banker) was the Topic, and the two NPs that could fill the slot opened by the wh-question (adviser, agent) were the Focus NPs. The participants' brain activity was recorded with EEG while they read the responses to the wh-questions, which differed along two dimensions: (1) the availability of the it-cleft construction (In my opinion, lit is] an agent...), a Focus-devoted device that makes Focus assignment predictable in the response; and (2) the discourse role of the target noun (Focus, Topic), which corresponds to the first referent in the response (In my opinion, lit is] an agent/a banker...). Crucially, we manipulated the phonological properties of the Focus and Topic nouns such that, if the Topic noun began with a consonant (e.g., a banker), both nouns that could fill the slot opened by the wh-question began with a vowel (e.g., an agent, an adviser) (counterbalanced in the overall design). This allowed us to measure effects of prediction at the prenominal article, before the integration of semantic and discourse information took place. The analyses on prenominal articles revealed an N400 effect for articles that were unexpected based on the phonological properties of the Focus nouns, but only in the conditions with the it-cleft. This effect emerged between 250 and 400 ms, with a frontal bias. The analyses on the noun revealed that violations of information structure (i.e., cases where the it-cleft was followed by the Topic noun) yielded a broadly distributed P600 effect, relative to appropriately clefted (i.e., focused) nouns. A similar (but numerically less robust) effect emerged for Topic relative to Focus NPs in the conditions without the it-cleft, suggesting that, in the absence of a constraining cue, comprehenders still assigned Focus to the first referent in the response. Overall, these results suggest that, when reading answers to wh-questions, comprehenders use information structure constraints (i.e., prior context + the it-cleft) to anticipate the form that the response should take (i.e., how information should be packaged).
收起
摘要 :
This paper explores the pros and cons of assimilating Malagasy “Focusing” No-Constructions (FNCs) to Temporal No-Constructions (TNCs), which arise from the combination of two full-fledged clauses. The particle no functions as a ...
展开
This paper explores the pros and cons of assimilating Malagasy “Focusing” No-Constructions (FNCs) to Temporal No-Constructions (TNCs), which arise from the combination of two full-fledged clauses. The particle no functions as a clause-linker introducing an adverbial clause. It is shown that a neo-Davidsonian semantics assimilating FNCs to TNCs can be developed. Among the attractive consequences of this is the possibility of giving pre-no quantifiers a standard (non predicative) semantics. The clause combining approach also squares well with the finding that the “focusing” nature of FNCs is less regular than often assumed. In particular, non-backgrounded (non-“presupposed”) no-clauses can be found. Among the drawbacks of a clause combining approach is its apparent inability to properly constrain “binding” relations between the two clauses. In particular, locality restrictions typical for movement relations are unpredicted. The paper discusses these features in some detail against the backdrop of rivaling movement and pseudocleft approaches. My hope is that it helps in clarifying their strengths and weaknesses. Also, I show that formal semantics is a useful, hitherto often neglected, tool with some potential of furthering our understanding the nature of Malagasy FNCs.
收起
摘要 :
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of closing a cleft and lengthening the hard palate by the technique of distraction osteogenesis with elastic forces and to evaluate the influence of the manag...
展开
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of closing a cleft and lengthening the hard palate by the technique of distraction osteogenesis with elastic forces and to evaluate the influence of the management on the facial structure.
Design: Thirty 6-month-old mongrel dogs were assigned randomly to two groups with five subgroups for different purpose.
Interventions: An 8- × 25-mm cleft was surgically created in the posterior hard palate in experimental and sham control dogs. Bone markers were implanted in the hard palate. Osteotomies were carried out followed by the installation of a distractor made of NiTi-shape memory alloy.
Outcome measures: The results were evaluated clinically, radiographically, and histologically. Anthropometric data that represented the length, width, and height of the maxilla were taken on the dry skull of the control and experimental dogs and were analyzed statistically.
Results: The cleft was closed and the hard palate was lengthened after 2 to 3 weeks of distraction in all the experimental dogs. New bone formation was found at the site of osteotomy. The variables of facial length, height, and width showed no significant difference between the two groups (p > .05). The length of the hard palate in the experimental group was longer than that in the control group (p < .01).
Conclusion: Distraction osteogenesis with the elastic device of NiTi-shape memory alloy is effective for closing the cleft and lengthening the hard palate in a canine cleft model. There is no interference on the growth of the maxillofacial structures with the technique.
收起
摘要 :
The binding of Co~(2+) and Pb~(2+) ions to the terpyridine and pyri-dine subunits of the ligand 1 leads to the self-complementary molecular clefts 2-6,which result from the crossover combination of orthogonal-terpyr-idine and line...
展开
The binding of Co~(2+) and Pb~(2+) ions to the terpyridine and pyri-dine subunits of the ligand 1 leads to the self-complementary molecular clefts 2-6,which result from the crossover combination of orthogonal-terpyr-idine and linear-pyridine metal-coordination subprograms and are stabilized by strong JT-JT stacking interactions.Four different cleft-type entities,[Co~(2+) _2(1)_2] (3),[Pb~(2+)_2(l)_2] (4),[Co~(2+)_4(l)_2] (5),[Pb~(2+)_4(l)_2] (6),are generated in both solution and the solid state,and may be interconverted as a function of metal/ligand stoichiometry.One- and two-dimensional metallosupramolecu-lar zipper architectures result from self-assembly in the solid state driven by a combination of different JT-JT stacking subprograms.The U-shaped geometry of the ligand influences the possibility of zipping and thus,in turn,the generation of different zipper architectures.The structures of 2-5 have been confirmed by X-ray crystallography;that of 6 is based on NMR spectral data.
收起
摘要 :
The p63 protein is crucial for epidermal development, and its mutations cause the extrodactyly ectodermal dysplasia and cleft lip/palate syndrome. The three-dimensional solution structure of the p63 sterile α-motif (SAM) domain (...
展开
The p63 protein is crucial for epidermal development, and its mutations cause the extrodactyly ectodermal dysplasia and cleft lip/palate syndrome. The three-dimensional solution structure of the p63 sterile α-motif (SAM) domain (residues 505–579), a region crucial to explaining the human genetic disease ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome (AEC), has been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The structure indicates that the domain is a monomer with the characteristic five-helix bundle topology observed in other SAM domains. It includes five tightly packed helices with an extended hydrophobic core to form a globular and compact structure. The dynamics of the backbone and the global correlation time of the molecule have also been investigated and compared with the dynamical properties obtained through molecular dynamics simulation. Attempts to purify the pathological G534V and T537P mutants, originally identified in AEC, were not successful because of the occurrence of unspecific proteolytic degradation of the mutated SAM domains. Analysis of the structural dynamic properties of the G534V and T537P mutants through molecular dynamics simulation and comparison with the wild type permits detection of differences in the degree of free-dom of individual residues and discussion of the possible causes for the pathology.
收起
摘要 :
Background: There is disagreement about the association between cleft lip with or without cleft palate and multigravidity, which could be explained by differences of adjusting for maternal age, Amerindian ancestry, and socioeconom...
展开
Background: There is disagreement about the association between cleft lip with or without cleft palate and multigravidity, which could be explained by differences of adjusting for maternal age, Amerindian ancestry, and socioeconomic status. Objective: The aim was to evaluate gravidity 4+ (four or more gestations) as a risk factor for cleft lip with or without cleft palate in South America. Design: We used a matched (1:1) case-control study with structural equation modeling for related causes. Data were obtained from 1,371,575 consecutive newborn infants weighing ≥500 g who were born in the hospitals of the Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congénitas (ECLAMC) network between 1982 and 1999. There were a total of 1,271 cases with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (excluding midline and atypical cleft lip with or without cleft palate). A total of 1,227 case-control pairs were obtained, matched by maternal age, newborn gender, and year and place of birth. Potential confounders and intermediary variables were analyzed with structural equation modeling. Results: The crude risk of gravidity 4+ was 1.41 and the 95% confidence interval was 1.14 to 1.61. When applying structural equation modeling, the effect of multigravidity on the risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate was 1.22 and the 95% confidence interval was 0.91 to 1.39. Conclusions: Multigravid mothers (more than four gestations) showed no greater risk of bearing children who had cleft lip with or without cleft palate than mothers with two or three births. Therefore, the often observed and reported association between multigravidity and oral clefts likely reflects the effect of other risk factors related to low socioeconomic status in South American populations.
收起
摘要 :
By sequencing the exomes of distantly related individuals in multiplex families, rare mutational and structural changes to coding DNA can be characterized and their relationship to disease risk can be assessed. Recently, several r...
展开
By sequencing the exomes of distantly related individuals in multiplex families, rare mutational and structural changes to coding DNA can be characterized and their relationship to disease risk can be assessed. Recently, several rare single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were associated with an increased risk of nonsyndromic oral cleft, highlighting the importance of rare sequence variants in oral clefts and illustrating the strength of family-based study designs. However, the extent to which rare deletions in coding regions of the genome occur and contribute to risk of nonsyndromic clefts is not well understood. To identify putative structural variants underlying risk, we developed a pipeline for rare hemizygous deletions in families from whole exome sequencing and statistical inference based on rare variant sharing. Among 56 multiplex families with 115 individuals, we identified 53 regions with one or more rare hemizygous deletions. We found 45 of the 53 regions contained rare deletions occurring in only one family member. Members of the same family shared a rare deletion in only eight regions. We also devised a scalable global test for enrichment of shared rare deletions.
收起
摘要 :
Purpose: There is currently little evidence reporting the typical morphology of the palatoglossus (PG) muscle. The primary purpose of this exploratory study is to determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods used to ...
展开
Purpose: There is currently little evidence reporting the typical morphology of the palatoglossus (PG) muscle. The primary purpose of this exploratory study is to determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods used to quantify the morphology of the levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle can be applied to the PG. The secondary purpose is to provide preliminary data regarding the relationship between the LVP and PG muscles in children. Method: Ten children between ages of 4 and 7 years participated in this study. Each participant was scanned using a nonsedated, child-friendly protocol with a T2-weighted, three-dimensional anatomical scan to obtain images of the oropharyngeal anatomy. Custom, oblique-coronal image planes were created to visualize and measure the LVP and PG muscles in their entirety from origin to insertion. Thermo Scientific Amira Software was used to obtain 2D measurements of PG muscle length, width, velar insertion distance, lingual insertion distance, and several angle measurements. Results: The PG ranged from 17.95 to 26.96 mm in length across participants. Velar insertion distance ranged from 17.22 to 30.95 mm. Lingual insertion distance ranged from 26.91 to 36.02 mm. Width ranged from 2.32 to 3.08 mm. The angle formed by the PG and LVP muscle planes ranged from 7.3 degrees to 52.7 degrees. The LVP insertion angle ranged from 42.5 degrees to 75.9 degrees. The PG insertion angle ranged from 16.9 degrees to 52.3 degrees. Conclusions: MRI was successful in visualizing the PG muscle. The PG was consistent in size and shape within an individual participant but varied across the participant cohort.
收起
摘要 :
The bipyridyl ligand 5 was readily prepared in enantiomerically-pure form by coupling the appropriate stannanes with the bis-triflate 3. Mixing this ligand with a palladium ditriflate resulted in the formation of a chiral molecula...
展开
The bipyridyl ligand 5 was readily prepared in enantiomerically-pure form by coupling the appropriate stannanes with the bis-triflate 3. Mixing this ligand with a palladium ditriflate resulted in the formation of a chiral molecular square, according to spectroscopic analysis. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. [References: 19]
收起
原文获取